LARadio 2016 Archives
Prepared by Alan Oda |
KFWB (980 The Beast) Signs off Today by Alan Oda |
It was five years ago when KFWB was placed in an asset trust while CBS radio
looked for a buyer for the heritage frequency. The station was once the home of
Chuck Blore and Color Radio, before
becoming the legendary “All News 98.” When CBS purchased KCAL/tv in 2002, the
company exceeded the eight-station limit within a local market, which triggered
the eventual sale of KFWB in January to Principle Broadcasting, backed by
Mercury Partners for $8 million. The general consensus is the station will offer
programming for the Southeast Asian community, similar to the company’s stations
in Seattle and San Jose.
“I had two goals as the Trustee of the station,” said
Diane Sutter, who managed the Asset
Trust. “The first was to make the station as successful as possible. The second
was to sell the station. Both tasks were equally important” With five years of a
news / talk format generating limited ratings, an alternative was being sought
for AM 980.
There were already three local stations programming sports when The Beast first
started on September 22, 2014. “We wanted to offer something that the audience
couldn’t get anywhere else. Other stations were about national and network
programs. We (instead) focused on local sports – there’s definitely an
audience,” said Sutter. KFWB became the flagship station for the Clippers of the
NBA and the MLS Galaxy, but it was about more than offering play-by-play. “L.A.
has been viewed as not being a sports town. I view it as a town that had lots of
sports. When done right, (we knew) people wanted a good sports station focused
on local teams.”
“When we were putting the station together and developing our marketing plan, we
wanted to focus on sports and the athletes. The best athletes are often called
‘beasts,’ so to distinguish ourselves from ‘The Ticket,’ ‘The Fan,’ and other
sports stations, we adopted ‘The Beast 980’ as our identity,” said Sutter. “We
also had an interesting app for listeners to stream both the Clippers and the
Galaxy as well as our other shows. There was a podcast available every day, we
had a great symbiotic relationship with the
L.A. Times, which featured the
podcast…we also had good word of mouth – the best fans are our fans who wanted
to know about L.A. sports.”
Among other features, The Beast 980 offered locally live and local
sports-oriented morning program, hosted by
Jeanne Zelasko
(l) and
Marques Johnson, before
Johnson was succeeded by Los
Angeles Times sports columnist
Bill Plaschke (r).
The station also offered a radio outlet for longtime KNBC/tv sports anchor
Fred Roggin, who would
eventually land in the afternoon drive slot.
“Our goal was to deliver really good L.A. sports content,” said pd
Tom Lee. “We focused
specifically on L.A. sports. We did that. We grew the station, we
changed the lineup, we wanted to deliver the goods.”
Sports stations generally attract the Men 25-54 demographic. “We saw
that (demo) coming down a little bit. We tried to identify in our
research what a 35-year-old would be interested in, a 38-year-old, a
42-year-old – what were their sports interests,” said Lee. “We wanted to
bring them information and entertainment. We were not specifically
trying to appeal to a younger audience, we were appealing to the L.A.
audience.” |
“When The Beast first contacted me, they acknowledged the strength of KLAC (AM
570) and KSPN (ESPN LA / 710), but believed the appetite for sports on the radio
was larger than two very strong stations,” recalled Roggin. “They believed The
Beast would increase the overall sports share in the market.”
“I think we accomplished our goals to be live and local…when Plaschke came on
board, we provided what the L.A. fan wanted, to follow the local teams,” said
Zelasko. Co-host Plaschke said “we had an L.A. show for L.A. fans. We gave fans
their teams, including USC basketball, UCLA football – we got quotes from
players, it was something that was never seen done before…it was if Jeanne and I
were sitting in front of a Starbucks talking about L.A. sports. It was so cool.”
Though he was only there for five months, Plaschke observed how “people
responded…we became more of a breakfast partner…we just sat at the table and
talked…after the Super Bowl, we (instead) talked about UCLA recruiting and a
story about the Lakers. That’s what L.A. fans wanted to hear…we were turning
L.A. into a small neighborhood.”
The station provided ancillary programming as the flagship station for the
Clippers. Plaschke said “we would talk Clippers like any other (L.A.) team, but
the Clippers were equal for the first time with the other teams.” Play-by-play
veteran Ralph Lawler was featured
every morning during the show, “something he so long deserved…before The Beast,
the Clippers were rarely talked about. We flew the Clipper flag next to the
Dodgers and the Lakers. That flag will drop unless someone picks it up. It’s not
just about (the play-by-play), it’s about giving the Clippers exposure like
other teams,” said Plaschke. Roggin added “it was the first time a Clippers
actually had a home that was dedicated to them.”
Lee said “we had a good relationship with the Clippers. We had ‘Fast Break
Fridays’ where we featured a Clippers player every week. Fred Roggin talked to
Brian Seiman every game day, and we
offered ‘Hard Core Clippers’ before each game…if I needed something I could pick
up the phone to the Clippers, and they could pick up the phone and contact me.”
Lee added carrying the Clippers and offering play-by-play “(was) effective in
increasing the station’s cume.”
The biggest local sports story in recent memory has been the return of the NFL
to Los Angeles after a 20 year hiatus. “We got into the grass-roots of the
story…Fred was on top of the story for the entire year, Jeanne used (the many)
contacts she had, particularly with the Chargers, Bill had all sorts of
connections through the Times,
(midday host) Chris Meyers was also
connected to everything going on…we’re proud of the way we covered and reported
the story.”
“The Beast covered the NFL to L.A. like nobody’s business,” said Zelasko.
“Marques Johnson was the first person to talk about something going on in
Inglewood. We beat that drum every day…we didn’t change the story, but we
covered it thoroughly.” Sutter said “we made a contribution to sports” with the
station’s coverage of the story.
Roggin (l) featured conversations with those involved in the negotiations,
including regular interviews with the Mayors of both Inglewood and Carson
as the NFL considered two potential stadium venues and three possible
teams. “No one really paid attention to the possibility of the NFL truly
returning in the early stages, while I found it to be a fascinating drama.
We started talking about it on a daily basis and realized people were
tuning in for it.”
“It was unique content that the audience started demanding. There was a
new twist or turn every day. We were able to take people inside what
was going on by bringing the decision makers and power brokers on as
guests. It gave us an identity and allowed us the chance to build an
audience,” said Roggin.
Lee said “the NFL drives the ratings of sports talk stations. The presence of the Rams in L.A. will drive the ratings even more for all local sports stations. The team will give (all sports stations) more quality things to talk about, whether they carry the play-by-play is irrelevant.” |
The only syndicated program offered during the day was
Jim Rome via the CBS Sports Radio
Network. Sutter viewed Rome as someone with great local appeal. “We were
thrilled to have Jim Rome. He broadcasts from Southern California, he lives in
Calabasas, he has been an integral part of local sports radio…he’s a great
partner with us, including his participation with station events.”
“L.A. has been viewed as not big on sports,” said Sutter. “I view it as a town
that has lots of sports. When done right, people want a sports station that
focuses on the local.” Plaschke said “the ratings showed people responded…that’s
what makes it so sad for me. We were on the verge of bringing something
significant to L.A. radio.”
Lee said “We had so many plans for 2016, we had laid the groundwork to fulfill
our (programming) strategy…the fact was we came in and showed significant
ratings increases, (that) there’s room for four stations in the market. KFWB
found its niche. We saw significant ratings growth in all dayparts, and we were
well positioned for the Clippers as they headed to the playoffs.”
“We’re all a bit frustrated with the end (of The Beast), I thought we were
making something old new again,” said Zelasko, referring to her previous work at
San Diego’s powerhouse XTRA Sports 690, “which (also) focused on local teams
with less emphasis on national sports…I was there when
Chet Forte and Jim Rome were there,
we had enough to talk about local sports without having to (rely) on national
programs.”
“We hope someone was listening – specifically, a ‘someone’ who’d be really smart
to present sports via local shows,” said Plaschke. “Someone could buy a
struggling station and re-introduce the audience to ‘live, local, late breaking
sports talk.’ – I would like to see the philosophy (of The Beast 980) continue.”
He went so far as to suggest Clippers owner Steve Balmer could have purchased
KFWB and continue having The Beast 980 serve as the team’s flagship station.
When asked about the future of AM radio, Sutter said “all sports on AM works.
People are still listening to the radio in their car. AM still has a vibrant
future.”
“AM radio has been declared dead for the past 20-30 years,” said Lee. “You’re
now competing against FM, satellite, podcasts, there’s more competition than
ever before. Music formats won’t succeed on AM, but there’s a significant
audience for spoken word when the content is right. It really resides on who
delivers good content.”
This was Plaschke’s first regular gig on L.A. radio. “It was like a family over
there. It wasn’t a slick Hollywood, big city production – we were more like WKRP
in Cincinnati, a backyard radio station, a place where people could hear about
their hometown,” he said.
“I was surprised how much I missed radio,” said Zelasko, who once provided
updates for Mason and Ireland on
XTRA. “I think there’s some misunderstanding. Everyone was very honest. We were
getting ready to cover the NFL, (but) we knew the station was in trust. The
Beast and CBS have been awesome.” She said she will continue to be seen on Fox
Sports West, including the network’s Clippers broadcasts.
Roggin has had extensive experience with Los Angeles sports talk radio, most
recently as part of morning drive at KLAC. He described KFWB as “an overall good
effort by well-intentioned people. The Beast provided many with opportunities
and allowed them to gain valuable experience. By the time all the bugs had been
worked out and things were on an upward trajectory, the game was over.” He added
“it was an uphill battle from the start…(yet) the thing I take away from all of
this is there’s a robust thirst for information and perspective. The audience
wants to be entertained and informed.”
“I’m very proud of what we did in a short time,” said Lee. “We had very good people put their heart and soul into the station. When one door closes, another door opens. Thank you to everyone.”
2015 Year in Review |
(Ed. Note: Normally the Year in Review is done around New Year’s. This edition is offered during Chinese New Years. You’re right, it’s a poor excuse for being late. Hope you believe in better late than never.)
Weathering the
Cumulus Clouds:
It’s the personification of the
children’s game “Musical Chairs” over at KABC. A year ago,
Bryan Suits was brought in
to challenge Rush Limbaugh.
The latter no longer dominates the local ratings, and the former found
himself out of a job last January. The underrated
Doug McIntyre was extended
an hour, while Peter Tilden,
the station’s utility man (apparently), moves from nights to
mid-mornings. Dr. Drew Pinsky and Psycho
Mike Catherwood take
the midday slot, former middayers Jilian Barberie and John
Phillips slide into afternoon drive after the December 2013
departure of Larry Elder. Follow all that?
Meanwhile, after being lost in
the middle of the pack throughout most of the year, sister station KLOS has been
making inroads on the competition, specifically KSWD (The Sound / 100.3), though
the now-Entercom-owned Classic Rock station is still in the lead. And does the
edition of Jonesy’s Jukebox (hosted by former Sex Pistol and Iggy Pop guitarist
Steve Jones) offer a clue about the future direction of KLOS?
As for 100.3/The Sound,
it’s noteworthy that former KLOS morning host Mark Thompson, half of the
former team of Mark and Brian, now is in the same time slot but moving up
the dial. The station’s Andy Chanley was part of the AM program, having
been seen wearing a t-shirt emblazoned with the words “NOT BRIAN.” Mark has been
missed, indeed.
One more Cumulus note: In a
major management shakeup, both of the Dickey brothers – John
and Lew – are no longer at the helm of the company, with the stock reduced to
junk status. Daily Breeze radio
columnist Richard Wagoner has strong opinions of the Dickeys, his work can be
found at
www.socalradiowaves.com.
The
Rams aren’t the Only Ones Relocating:
Kurt Alexander, better known as Big
Boy, waded through legal wrangling to move his “neighborhood”
(whoops, he can’t use that term) from KPWR (POWER 106) to the revamped
92.3, now known as KRRL (REAL 92.3). The station formerly known as HOT
92.3 saw a ratings bump with Big Boy and a new hip-hop format.
Meanwhile, KPWR owner Emmis Broadcasting has seen ratings slide for
their long-time urban station, from a perennial top 10 perch to
somewhere in the middle of the pack. |
Adios:
There is no denying the significance
of Spanish media in Southern California. One of the true pioneers was
Teddy Fregoso (l). His radio legacy includes starting one of the
first Spanish language stations, San Gabriel’s KALI, and bringing the
Dodgers and Jaime Jarrin to Spanish baseball fans. And that’s
just what he did for radio. His passing at the age of 90 ended seven
decades of work as a true broadcast innovator. |
Never Ever Garish:
When Gary Owens
signed off for the last time in February, signaled the end of another
era in L.A. Radio. For all of those who claim to be the King of All
Media, it was Owens who was present on what’s now known as multiple
platforms. From being one of the Swinging Gentlemen on KFWB to KMPC and
The Station of the Stars, he performed announcer duties on NBC’s
Laugh-In, was superhero
Roger Ramjet, and “Powdered
Toast Man,” hosted The Gong Show
(where it was pointed out he was the first person ever replaced by
Chuck Barris, which gave Owens a good chuckle), voiced more than 30,000
(!) commercials, was part of the lineup of the Music of Your Life
network, succeeded Murray the K on
Soundtrack of the Sixties¸
released comedy albums, wrote books (including
How to Make a Million Dollars
with Your Voice [or Lose Your Tonsils Trying]), and brought class
to everything he did. The man who wore a Friedrich Nietzche t-shirt
while playing basketball earned his status when he was voted the best of
Los Angeles Radio People.
Earl C. Festoon has reported his last roundup on the freeways, and the
Story Lady has closed her book. |
A
Big Loss, Indeed:
The loss of Joe McDonnell leaves
a huge void in the L.A. sports scene, and that’s not only because of his
persona as “Big Joe.” He was known for calling out what he saw was
hypocrisy and injustice in the sports world and beyond – ask him about
the JFK assassination and prepare for an unabridged history lesson. He
criticized many, yet still maintained these same targets as friends, a
rare feat. He called out his beloved Lakers for bad decisions (anyone
remember “Del [Harris] must go!”), and was wary of former Dodgers owner
Frank McCourt from the very beginning. Yet both teams helped cover the
cost of his memorial services. Just know that Joe now has the best seat
in the house to watch every game he desires. And a quick shout-out to
his wife Elizabeth, whom Joe loved to his very last day. |
There were other
significant passings, among them Scott Mason, part of the
short-lived, yet well remembered Top 40 outlets KKDJ and KIQQ and Storer
Broadcasting’s KGBS-AM and KHTZ/fm. He rejoined KKDJ boss Rick
Carroll at alternative rocker KROQ as the station’s chief engineer.
His efforts helped take a station with a then less-than-ideal signal to
eventually becoming the number one billing station in the country.
Thanks to the generosity of Gene Baxter, half the duo of KROQ’s
Kevin & Bean, Baxter’s donation of a kidney allowed Mason to
enjoy and relish a few more years. |
|
KIIS and Ryan Seacrest Not Staying
Idol:
As the year progressed, the
reincarnation of Dick Clark, also known as Ryan Seacrest
continued his multi-platform winning. He again hosted
Dick Clark’s New Year’s Rockin’
Eve, producing the guilty pleasure known as
Keeping Up with the Kardashians,
still doing the (morning) drive at KIIS/fm. Yet even the most successful
evolve. His gig as the host of
American Idol ends in 2016, after a 15 year run. Ellen K,
whom Ryan referred to as his “radio wife,” moved up the dial to sister
station KOST to occupy the AM slot. Mark Wallengren now gets to
sleep in as he takes over the afternoon shift. |
The
(K-)Earth Continues to Spin:
Landing in the top spot of the local
ratings, perhaps the first time in a long time, K-Earth decided not to
embrace the cliché of “leave well enough alone.” “Shotgun” Tom Kelly
was reassigned to weekends, while Christina Kelley,
Charlie Tuna, and Jay Gardner were all sent to “the beach” as
it’s said in the radio world. The CBS station continues to successfully
spin a mix of primarily 80s hits, though for those longing for the older
classics require the purchase of an HD radio (yes, the product still
exists) to listen to K-Earth HD2. The CBS Broadcast Center
on the Miracle Mile had other activity. Ken Charles, veteran of
KFBK (a.k.a. the original home of Rush Limbaugh) filled the
program director role at all-News KNX, picking up the pace but also
eliminating standard fare, such as “KNX News time is…” and the
multi-decade Korg (not the radio station) synthesized traffic sounder.
Lisa May was dropped from mornings with KROQ’s Kevin & Bean
(replaced by former KTLA Morning News feature reporter Allie MacKay),
but soon landed at KLOS to join the steadily growing listenership of
Heidi and Frank. Longtime newsman Boyd R. Britton, perhaps
better known as “Doc on the ROQ” hasn’t yet found a platform on the
radio after being let go from the ROQ, but has his pulpit to keep him
busy. The WAVE (KTWV) saw its ratings rebound, adding some of the
old-school hits which disappeared when HOT 92.3 disappeared. |
Barter Up:
Tune into the AM and FM bands
– particularly on weekends – and the proliferation of infomercials keeps
increasing. Personally, I’ve not purchased any of the dietary
supplements (which means I’ll die someday) nor participating in novel
investment opportunities (which means I’ll die someday and I’ll die
poor). What’s missing is the opportunity for new talent to do the
Saturday and Sunday shifts to develop and someday do the coveted weekday
shifts. At least there’s still appointment listening, including Mimi
Chen’s “Peace, Love, and Sunday Mornings” and Chris Carter
hosting “Breakfast with the Beatles” – unfortunately, the two best
weekend offerings are in overlapping time slots. |
So How Does This Rate?:
Ever since the introduction of the
Portable People Meters (PPM), the high tech successor to ratings diaries,
Nielsen (previously Arbitron) has fended off one criticism after another, from
claims of overall undersampling to concerns that not enough of the Spanish
audience was wearing the PPM devices. Now comes Voltaire, technology from the
Telos Alliance, which boosts the “silent” signal received by the PPM devices –
and potentially (unfairly?) boosts a station’s ratings. Nielsen doesn’t need
another challenge to the accuracy of PPM. Remember last year’s debacle, when an
entire month’s worth of ratings were almost negated because of the undue
influence of just two (2) ratings families?
Hear Ache (Redux!):
Kudos to The Beast 980’s
Fred Roggin who was on top of every aspect of the story about the
Rams returning to L.A. Too bad the sale of KFWB means The Beast will
roar no more...Former KFI middayer Bill Carroll didn’t have to
scream to get his point across, wishing him well as he continues on
Toronto’s CFMJ. Gary Hoffmann and Shannon Farren (l), whose
extended shift technically “replaced” Carroll, are filling in
nicely…Will JACK/fm (KCBS/fm) sound the same, now that Freddie
Snakeskin is no longer there to write the clever and snarky
liners?...Hats off to The WAVE’s (KTWV) Talaya Trigueros,
K-EARTH’s (KRTH) Jim Carson and GO Country 105’s (KKGO) Paul
Freeman, all admirable not just for their longevity on the local
airwaves, but because all still provide quality and consistency…The
LARadio “Fountain of Youth Award” should be given to Art Laboe
and retired…Speaking of retirements, the team of Tom Haule
and Linda Nunez (Linda is still – fortunately – working at the
Newsradio outlet) is missed especially when there’s breaking news…Is
this really Vin Scully’s last season?…One of the best late-night
programs is somewhat ironically hosted by AMP Radio’s (KAMP) morning
host Carson Daly…ALT 98.7 (KYSR) was actually tied for ratings
with heritage rocker KROQ for the first time a few months ago, though
The ROQ has regained the lead…Good ratings don’t guarantee your job, as
ESPN L.A.’s (KSPN) Mike Thompson found out…Will KPCC ever have
the same ratings success as San Francisco’s KQED/fm and San Diego’s
KPBS? Why is public radio news / talk not as successful in L.A.?...
Petros Papadakis is now as well known for his TV work as he is for
being half of KLAC’s afternoon drive with Matt “Money” Smith…A
12.3 (!) rating explains why KOST turns their playlist to all-Christmas
every year…Listening to The Answer (KRLA) has been fascinating with the
current Republican candidates for President…The Dodgers move their
Spanish broadcasts back to 50,000 watt powerhouse KTNQ, still the
station is near the bottom of the ratings…With the underrated
Valentine starting off the day, MYfm (KBIG) continues to be almost
stealth with its continued success…There are a number of people visiting
Dave Ramsey at Financial Peace Plaza, even though KEIB’s ratings
have been less than stellar…My dog and I still cherish having KUSC
available through the day.
I
Wish I was Don Barrett:
As he reposts his past columns, it’s amazing how much work Don
Barrett put into LARadio.com over the many years of the site. None
of us – no matter how passionate or interested we are in the AM/FM
medium – will ever equal what he offered. With the lovely Cherie
by his side, Mr. Barrett deservedly continues to enjoy life one day at a
time. And no one finds more inappropriately funny cartoons to share.
As to those of you
wondering what’s with the new content on a site supposedly retired – in
spite of some very encouraging words (thank you Mike Kinosian!),
it was quickly apparent there was no way I could keep up my own website
or blog on a daily or even weekly basis, but I still had the itch to
keep writing about my favorite medium of entertainment and information.
So Mr. Barrett is indulging me and allowing me to post periodic
offerings of new material here at LARadio.com as long as this outlet is
available. Rita Wilde, I promise to FINALLY do that long-awaited
profile.
Hoping 2016 is going well for you and yours! - Alan Oda |
|
Rob Fukuzaki, who has helmed the Eyewitness News sports anchor position for over two decades, was introduced by KABC/tv President and General Manager Cheryl Fair as someone who looked like a “15-year-old kid with the booming voice of a 50-year-old.”
(Tommy Hawkins, Joe Cala, Jaime Jarrin, Chris Roberts, and Jim Fox)
The winner of the Gil Stratton Lifetime Achievement Award was one-time Laker Tommy Hawkins, who spent 18 years on Los Angeles television and radio, before spending the next 17 years as the vice-president of Community Relations for the Los Angeles Dodgers. At the age of 18, Hawkins was the only black player on the Notre Dame basketball team, one of 10 blacks on a campus of more than 6,000. Though he was not the first African American on local television – that distinction belongs to Olympian Rafer Johnson – Hawkins did share stories from his many years as a sports anchor on KNBC/tv and KABC/tv, host of KHJ/tv’s Midmorning L.A., and serving as a talk show host and reporter on KABC, K-JAZZ, and KLOS. Hawkins said he followed the advice of Vin Scully, who said “always have the humility to prepare.”
(Ann Meyers Drysdale, Steve Grad, Bob Moore, Michael Cooper, and Randy Kerdoon)
Other honorees included Ann Meyers Drysdale, who received the Chuck Benedict / Stu Nahan President’s Award, recognizing her pioneering work for women’s basketball and sports. Former XTRA Sports and Mighty 1090 host “Coach” John Kentera was given the Prep Sports Award for his efforts to publicize high school football. Vin Scully repeated – not surprisingly – as the recipient of the Chick Hearn Radio Play-by-Play award, while Rick Monday was recognized for Best Radio Commentary. Another Dodger broadcaster, fifty-six year veteran Jaime Jarrin won the award for Best Foreign Language Radio Play-by-Play. KSPN (ESPN L.A. 710) midday hosts Steve Mason and John Ireland were selected for the Irv Kaze Radio Talk Show award.
(Geoff Witcher, Sharil and Rob Fukuzaki, Charley Steiner, and Bob Miller)
The KNX team of Joe Cala, Steve Grad, Randy Kerdoon, Chris Madsen, and Geoff Witcher were awarded Best Radio Anchor Staff. In his remarks, Kerdoon said he would offer something unusual, and that was to acknowledge the staff of The Beast 980 (KFWB), all being laid off when the station changes ownership in February.
KOST Continues at Top of Ratings for January '16 |
(February 17, 2016) The residual effect of playing Christmas music for over a month, has landed KOST at the top of January '16 survey. The following numbers represent Mon-Sun, 6a-12mid:
1. KOST (AC) 12.3 5.9
2. KBIG (MY/fm) 4.7 - 4.8
3. KIIS (Top 40/M) 4.4 - 4.7
KRTH (Classic Hits) 4.3 - 4.7
5. KLVE (Spanish Contemporary) 4.2 - 4.5
6. KTWV (the WAVE) 4.1 - 4.3
6. KRCD (Spanish Adult Hits) 3.2 - 3.5
7. KCBS (JACK/fm) 2.9 - 3.4
8. KFI (Talk) 3.3 - 3.2
KNX (News) 3.0 - 3.2
10. KLAX (Regional Mexican) 3.3 - 3.0
KROQ (Alternative) 2.8 - 3.0
KSWD (Classic Rock) 2.6 - 3.0
In the morning drive battle, KROQ's Kevin & Bean were #1 in the money demo, 25-54:
1. Kevin & Bean (KROQ)
2. Omar y Argelia (KLVE)
3. Ryan Seacrest (KIIS)
4. Valentine (MY/fm)
"El Bueno, La Mala y El Feo" (KSCA)